《中古道教儀式研究》（A Study of Medieval Daoist Ritual）
呂鵬志 著
臺北：新文豐出版公司，2025年10月
ISBN碼 978－957－17－3389－0
裝訂方式 精裝2冊 16開
目 次
作者簡介/The Author i
內容提要/Abstract i
推薦語一/Recommendation I (Franciscus Verellen) i
推薦語二/Recommendation II (Stephen R. Bokenkamp) i
序/Preface (John Lagerwey) i
緒論 中古道教儀式的基本類型和歷史演變（中文／英文） 1/29
一 引言 1/30
二 法位與道教儀式的基本類型 4/34
三 法位與道教儀式的等級和演變 12/49
四 研究意義 18/59
五 研究方法 21/63
六 研究內容 22/65
基本儀式類型研究
壹、朝儀研究
第一章 中古道教朝儀源流考 83
一 引言 83
二 道教朝儀源出先秦世俗朝禮 83
三 東漢天師道朝儀 95
四 東晉上清經派朝儀 111
五 東晉末劉宋初靈寶經派朝儀 128
六 隋末唐初金明七真教團朝儀 142
七 結語 152
貳、傳授儀研究
第二章 天師道授籙科儀——敦煌寫本S. 203考論 159
一 引言 159
二 寫本題名蠡測 161
三 仙靈籙及其產生和流傳的歷史 167
四 寫本內容之分析與考釋 181
五 度仙靈籙儀與早期道教傳授儀 201
六 補論：寫本所抄儀式的編撰年代 210
七 結語 211
附錄一 敦煌寫本S. 203校錄 212
附錄二 上清授籙科儀對照表 221
第三章 天師道黃赤券契考 229
一 引言 229
二 黃赤券契的名稱與種類 230
三 黃赤券契與天師道的教階制度 239
四 黃赤券契與其他天師道儀式的關係 242
五 黃赤券契的形式和內容 247
六 結語 250
第四章 天師道登壇告盟儀——《正一法文法籙部儀》考論 253
一 引言 253
二 《正一法文法籙部儀》的題名和年代 253
三 溯源：南方方士傳統中的登壇告盟儀 260
四 天師道登壇告盟儀釋證 266
五 南方道教對天師道登壇告盟儀的影響 275
六 結語 280
附錄 《正一法文法籙部儀》錄文點校 281
第五章 早期靈寶傳授儀——陸修靜（406—477）《太上洞玄靈寶授度儀》考論 293
一 引言 293
二 《授度儀》一書的性質和體例 296
三 靈寶傳授儀的階段等級和法位標誌 308
四 靈寶傳授儀式程序及其結構 320
五 結語 324
附錄一 《太上洞玄靈寶授度儀》綱目 325
附錄二 《太上洞玄靈寶授度儀》校錄 328
叁、齋儀研究
第六章 靈寶齋之發端——《靈寶三籙簡文》輯考 359
一 引言 359
二 敦煌本《靈寶經目》與《三籙簡文》之考訂 360
三 《永樂大典》殘本《靈寶三元威儀經》與《三籙簡文》之校補
輯佚 373
四 《三籙簡文》之性質、體例與內容釋證 389
五 《三籙簡文》與靈寶齋之發端 516
六 結語 519
附錄 《靈寶三籙簡文》輯稿 519
第七章 靈寶齋淵源考辨 565
一 引言 565
二 靈寶齋與祭祀之齋的差別及其佛教淵源 566
三 靈寶齋並非源出中國本土宗教 570
四 影響靈寶齋的漢傳佛教時節齋並非仿效中國本土宗教 581
五 結語 584
第八章 靈寶六齋考 585
一 引言 585
二 靈寶六齋與陸修靜 588
三 靈寶六齋與古靈寶經 594
四 靈寶六齋與古靈寶新、舊經之關係 603
五 《洞玄靈寶五感文》所述靈寶六齋疏證 611
六 靈寶六齋與道教齋法類別之演變 626
七 結語 634
附錄 《太極真人敷靈寶齋戒威儀諸經要訣》節錄 637
第九章 靈寶三元齋和道教中元節——《太上洞玄靈寶三元品戒經》考論 653
一 引言 653
二 《太上洞玄靈寶三元品戒經》的斷代和復原 654
三 《太上洞玄靈寶三元品戒經》與靈寶三元齋 662
四 《太上洞玄靈寶三元品戒經》與道教中元節的形成 668
五 結語 676
第十章 天師道旨教齋考 681
一 引言 681
二 相關資料與《旨教經》輯佚 684
三 旨教齋的天上來源與「齋法出於靈寶」說 689
四 《旨教經》中的時節齋 695
五 旨教齋的儀式結構和節次 703
六 旨教齋戒十二法 711
七 《旨教經》中的塗炭之法和其他內容 719
八 旨教齋出現的歷史背景與《旨教經》的成書年代 726
九 旨教齋的特色 734
十 結語 737
附錄一 《旨教經》輯稿 742
附錄二 《元始五老赤書玉篇真文天書經》中的時節齋 745
附錄三 《增一阿含經》中的半月三齋（＝月六日齋） 752
肆、醮儀研究
第十一章 早期道教醮儀及其流變考索 757
一 引言 757
二 醮的含義與道教醮儀的起源 758
三 早期道教醮儀的主流——南方方士的祭或醮 769
四 流變之一：方士醮祭與天師道儀式的結合 809
五 流變之二：道教齋儀中的醮 824
六 流變之三：受靈寶科儀影響的獨立醮儀 870
七 場地、神位和用品的沿革 880
八 結語 900
第十二章 羅天大醮起源新探 903
一 引言 903
二 羅天大醮出現的年代 904
三 早期羅天大醮的功能 909
四 早期羅天大醮的形式 912
五 結語 923
伍、章儀研究
第十三章 《赤松子章曆》新探 927
一 引言 927
二 成書年代 929
三 相關文獻著錄和他書徵引文字 932
四 存佚情況 939
五 主要內容 939
六 《赤松子章曆》對後世儀典的影響 948
七 《赤松子章曆》所見漢唐天師道考論 950
八 結語 1111
附錄 《赤松子章曆校釋》補正 1111
其他儀式類型研究
壹、驅邪儀式研究
第十四章 攝召北酆鬼魔赤書玉訣與靈寶五篇真文——《太上洞玄靈寶赤書玉訣妙經》校讀拾遺 1153
一 引言 1153
二 《玉訣妙經》與《天書經》之關係 1154
三 《玉訣妙經》所載玉訣條目位次乙正與攝召北酆鬼魔赤書玉訣
之校錄 1159
四 《玉訣妙經》所載南方第三科真文之漢字譯文校補復原 1162
五 靈寶五篇真文字數歧異與《玉訣妙經》誤本成因蠡測 1165
六 五篇真文之分科單行 1168
七 攝召北酆鬼魔真文及相應玉訣中的魔鬼觀念和鎮禳之法 1173
八 結語 1177
貳、召神儀式研究
第十五章 召神問卜——敦煌寫本P. 2440《靈寶真一五稱經》校補解題 1181
一 引言 1181
二 年代和作者 1182
三 版本和校勘 1183
四 目錄著錄和徵引 1187
五 題意和內容提要 1191
六 源流和影響 1194
七 結語 1201
附錄 敦煌寫本P. 2440校補 1201
叁、供養儀式研究
第十六章 中國中古時代的佛道混合儀式——道教中元節起源新探 1235
一 引言 1235
二 道教中元節的歷史演變和現況 1236
三 道教中元節來源分析 1237
四 道教中元節是中古時代佛道融合的典型例證 1242
五 結語 1245
卒章 《中古道教儀式研究》與《唐前道教儀式史綱》相輔相成 1247
一 《中古》與《唐前》的觀點相輔相成 1247
二 《中古》與《唐前》的方法相輔相成 1249
三 《中古》與《唐前》的材料相輔相成 1252
參考文獻 1269
術語索引 1319
後記 1377
CONTENTS
The Author i
Abstract i
Recommendation I (Franciscus Verellen) i
Recommendation II (Stephen R. Bokenkamp) i
Preface (John Lagerwey) i
Introductory Chapter: The Basic Types and Historical Evolution of the Medieval Daoist Ritual (Chinese/English) 1/29
1. Introduction 1/30
2. Ordination Ranks and the Basic Types of Daoist Rituals 4/34
3. Ordination Ranks and the Hierarchy and Evolution of
Daoist Rituals 12/49
4. Research Significance 18/59
5. Research Methodologies 21/63
6. Chapter Summaries 22/65
Studies in Basic Ritual Types
I. Studies in the Audience Ritual
Chapter 1 The Origin and Development of the Medieval Daoist Audience Ritual 83
1. Introduction 83
2. The Daoist Audience Ritual and its Origins in the pre-Qin
(221-207 BC) Secular Audience Ritual 83
3. The Daoist Audience Ritual of the Celestial Master Movement
of the Eastern Han (25-220 AD) 95
4. The Daoist Audience Ritual of the Shangqing Movement of the Eastern Jin (317-420 AD) 111
5. The Audience Ritual of the Lingbao Movement around
400 AD 128
6. The Audience Ritual of the Jinming Qizhen Community in the
Early 7th Century 142
7. Conclusion 152
II. Studies in the Transmission Ritual
Chapter 2 The Register-Transmitting Ritual of the Celestial Master Movement: A Critical Study of Dunhuang Manuscript
S.203 159
1. Introduction 159
2. Preliminary Analysis of the Manuscript’s Title 161
3. Registers of the Immortals and Powers (xianling lu):
Their History of the Emergence and Spread 167
4. Textual Analysis and Critical Interpretation of the Manuscript 181
5. The Ritual for the Transmission of the Registers of the Immortals
and Powers and the Early Daoist Transmission Ritual 201
6. Supplementary Discussion: Dating the Ritual Described in the Manuscript 210
7. Conclusion 211
Appendix 1: A Critical Transcription of Dunhuang
Manuscript S. 203 212
Appendix 2： Comparative Table of the Shangqing
Register-Transmitting Rituals 221
Chapter 3 A Critical Study of the Red and Yellow Contracts of
the Celestial Master Movement 229
1. Introduction 229
2. Nomenclature and Typology of the Red and Yellow Contracts 230
3. The Red and Yellow Contracts and the Celestial Master Movement’s Ecclesiastical Hierarchy 239
4. Relationship between the Red and Yellow Contracts and Other Daoist Rituals 242
5. Form and Content of the Red and Yellow Contracts 247
6. Conclusion 250
Chapter 4 A Critical Study of the Zhengyi fawen falu buyi, a Ritual Manual of the Celestial Master Movement for Ascending
the Altar and Announcing the Oath 253
1. Introduction 253
2. Title and Date of the Falu buyi 253
3. Origin: The Ritual for Ascending the Altar and Announcing
the Oath in the Southern Fangshi Tradition 260
4. Exegesis of the Celestial Master Ritual for Ascending the Altar
and Announcing the Oath 266
5. Influence of Southern Daoism on the Celestial Master Ritual for Ascending the Altar and Announcing the Oath 275
6. Conclusion 280
Appendix: Transcriptions, Punctuations, and Textual Criticism of
the Zhengyi fawen falu buyi 281
Chapter 5 The Early Lingbao Transmission Ritual: A Critical Study
of Lu Xiujing’s (406-477) Taishang dongxuan lingbao shoudu yi 293
1. Introduction 293
2. The Nature of the Shoudu yi and Its Redaction 296
3. Ordination Hierarchy and Rank Symbols of the Lingbao Transmission Ritual 308
4. The Order and Structure of the Lingbao Transmission Ritual 320
5. Conclusion 324
Appendix 1: Synopsis of the Taishang dongxuan lingbao
shoudu yi 325
Appendix 2： A Critical Transcription of the Taishang dongxuan
lingbao shoudu yi 328
III. Studies in the Fast Ritual
Chapter 6 The Beginning of the Lingbao Fast: Collected Fragments and a Critical Study of the Lingbao sanlu jianwen 359
1. Introduction 359
2. Dunhuang Catalogue of the Lingbao Scriptures and Textual
Criticism of the Sanlu jianwen 360
3. The Lingbao sanyuan weiyi jing (its partial text in the Yongle dadian) and Collation and Restoration of the Sanlu jianwen 373
4. Nature, Textual Structure and an Exegetical Study of the Sanlu jianwen 389
5. The Sanlu jianwen and the Beginning of the Lingbao Fast 516
6. Conclusion 519
Appendix: Collected Fragments of the Lingbao sanlu jianwen 519
Chapter 7 A Critical Analysis on the Origins of the Lingbao Fast 565
1. Introduction 565
2. Differences Between the Lingbao Fast and the Fast for Sacrifice;
the Buddhist Origins of the Lingbao Fast 566
3. The Lingbao Fast Did Not Derive from Chinese
Native Religion 570
4. The Periodic Fasts in Chinese Buddhism, Which Influenced the Lingbao Fast, Did Not Imitate Native Chinese Religion 581
5. Conclusion 584
Chapter 8 A Critical Study of the Six Lingbao Fasts 585
1. Introduction 585
2. The Six Lingbao Fasts and Lu Xiujing 588
3. The Six Lingbao Fasts and the Ancient Lingbao Scriptures 594
4. Relationship between the Six Lingbao Fasts and the “Old”
and “New” Ancient Lingbao Scriptures 603
5. An Exegetical Study of the Six Lingbao Fasts Described in the Dongxuan lingbao wugan wen 611
6. The Six Lingbao Fasts and the Evolution of the Classification of Daoist Fasts 626
7. Conclusion 634
Appendix: Excerpts from the Taiji zhenren fu lingbao zhaijie weiyi zhujing yaojue 637
Chapter 9 The Lingbao Fast of the Three Primes and the Daoist Middle Prime Festival: A Critical Study of the Taishang dongxuan lingbao sanyuan pinjie jing 653
1. Introduction 653
2. The Dating and Reconstruction of the Taishang dongxuan lingbao sanyuan pinjie jing 654
3. The Sanyuan pinjie and the Lingbao Fast of the Three Primes 662
4. The Sanyuan pinjie and the Formation of the Daoist Middle
Prime Festival 668
5. Conclusion 676
Chapter 10 A Critical Study of the Zhijiao Fast of the Celestial Master Movement 681
1. Introduction 681
2. Materials and Extant Fragments of the Zhijiao jing 684
3. The Heavenly Origin of the Zhijiao Fast and the Claim that
“Fast Methods Originated in the Lingbao Tradition” 689
4. Periodic Fasts in the Zhijiao jing 695
5. Ritual Structure and Sequence of the Zhijiao Fast 703
6. The Twelve Commandments of the Zhijiao Fast 711
7. The Mud Method and Other Contents of the Zhijiao jing 719
8. The Historical Background of the Emergence of the Zhijiao Fast
and the Date of the Zhijiao jing 726
9. The Characteristics of the Zhijiao Fast 734
10. Conclusion 737
Appendix 1: Collected Fragments of the Zhijiao jing 742
Appendix 2： Descriptions of the Periodic Fasts in the Yuanshi wulao chishu yupian zhenwen tianshu jing 745
Appendix 3： Descriptions of the Three Semi-monthly Fasts
(= Six Monthly Fasts) in the Zengyi ahan jing 752
IV. Studies in the Offering Ritual
Chapter 11 A Critical Study of the Early Daoist Offering Ritual and
its Development 757
1. Introduction 757
2. The Meaning of Jiao and the Origin of the Daoist Offering
Ritual 758
3. The Dominant Offering Rituals in Early Daoism: Sacrifice or
Offering in the Southern Fangshi Tradition 769
4. Transformation I: Integration of Fangshi Offering-Sacrifice with Celestial Master Rituals 809
5. Transformation II: Offering Within the Daoist Fast Ritual 824
6. Transformation III: The Independent Offering Ritual Influenced
by Lingbao Liturgy 870
7. Evolution of Ritual Venues, Gods’ Seats, and Utensils 880
8. Conclusion 900
Chapter 12 A New Study of the Origin of the Grand-Net-Heaven Offering 903
1. Introduction 903
2. Time Period of Emergence of the Grand-Net-Heaven Offering 904
3. The Function of the Early Grand-Net-Heaven Offering 909
4. The Form of the Early Grand-Net-Heaven Offering 912
5. Conclusion 923
V. Studies in the Petition Ritual
Chapter 13 A New Study of the Chisongzi zhangli 927
1. Introduction 927
2. Date of Compilation 929
3. Mentions in Related Texts and Citations in Other Texts 932
4. Extant and Lost Portions 939
5. Main Content 939
6. The Chisongzi zhangli’s Influence on Later Ritual Texts 948
7. Examination of Han-Tang Celestial Master Daoism as Reflected
in the Chisongzi Zhangli 950
8. Conclusion 1111
Appendix: Addenda and Revisions to the
Chisongzi zhangli jiaoshi 1111
Studies in Other Ritual Types
I. Studies in the Exorcist Ritual
Chapter 14 The Jade Instructions on the Red Writings for Summoning Ghosts and Demons of the Northern Feng Mountain and the Five Lingbao True Writs: A Supplementary Discussion and Tentative Correction of the Critical Readings of the Variants of the Five True Writs in the Taishang dongxuan lingbao chishu yujue miaojing 1153
1. Introduction 1153
2. The Relationship between the Yujue miaojing and the
Tianshu jing 1154
3. Rearrangement of the Jade Instruction Items in the Yujue
miaojing and A Critical Edition of the “Instructions for
Summoning Ghosts and Demons” 1159
4. Reconstruction of the Renderings of the True Writs of the
Third Category in the South Recorded in the Yujue miaojing 1162
5. Two Different Total Numbers of the Characters in the Five Lingbao True Writs and Causes of the Textual Errors in the Yujue
miaojing 1165
6. Use of a Single Category of the Five True Writs 1168
7. Demonological Ideas and Exorcising Methods as Reflected in
the True Writs and Jade Instructions on Summoning Ghosts and Demons of the Northern Feng Mountain 1173
8. Conclusion 1177
II. Studies in the Spirit-summoning Ritual
Chapter 15 Summoning Spirits to Ask about Divination: An Analytical Description of the Lingbao zhenyi wucheng jing (Dunhuang Manuscript P. 2440) with Textual Criticism and Supplementation 1181
1. Introduction 1181
2. Date of Compilation and Authorship 1182
3. Editions and Textual Criticism 1183
4. Bibliographic Mentions and Citations in Other Texts 1187
5. Meaning of the Title and Summary of Contents 1191
6. Origins, Development, and Influence 1194
7. Conclusion 1201
Appendix: Revised and Supplemented Edition of Dunhuang Manuscript
P. 2440 1201
III. Studies in the Nourishment Ritual
Chapter 16 A Hybrid Buddho-Daoist Ritual in Medieval China: A New Study on the Origins of the Daoist Middle Prime Festival 1235
1. Introduction 1235
2. Historical Evolution and Modern Manifestations of the Daoist
Middle Prime Festival 1236
3. Tracing the Origins of the Daoist Middle Prime Festival 1237
4. The Middle Prime Festival as a Paradigmatic Case of
Buddho-Daoist Syncretism in Medieval China 1242
5. Conclusion 1245
Concluding Chapter: How the Zhonggu daojiao yishi yanjiu (A Study of Medieval Daoist Ritual) and the Tangqian daojiao yishi shigang (A Historical Survey of Pre-Tang Daoist Ritual) Complement Each Other 1247
1. Complementary Perspectives 1247
2. Complementary Methodologies 1249
3. Complementary Sources 1252
Bibliography 1269
Glossary 1319
Postface 1377
作者簡介
The Author
呂鵬志，西南交通大學人文學院教授、西南交通大學中國宗教研究中心主任。北京大學文學學士、四川大學哲學博士，法國高等研究學院（EPHE）博士後。曾先後任教於四川師範大學、四川大學，並曾多年在法國遠東學院（EFEO）、法國國家科學研究中心（CNRS）、香港中文大學訪學交流及合作研究。已出版專著《唐前道教儀式史綱》《道教哲學》，合作編著《江西省銅鼓縣棋坪鎮顯應雷壇道教科儀》，主編或合作主編 Early Chinese Religion Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD)、《道教儀式叢書》《中國宗教研究特刊》《「地方道教儀式實地調查比較研究」國際學術研討會論文集》，合作譯著《西方道教研究編年史》，並在國內外學術書刊發表論文及譯文逾百篇。
LÜ Pengzhi is Professor at the School of Humanities, Southwest Jiaotong University, and serves as Director of the university’s Center for the Study of Chinese Religions. He obtained a BA in French language and literature from Peking University, a Ph.D. in Religious Studies from Sichuan University, and completed postdoctoral research at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in France. His academic career includes teaching positions at Sichuan Normal University and Sichuan University, and research positions at the École française d’Extrême-Orient, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His scholarly publications include A Historical Survey of Pre-Tang Daoist Ritual (Chinese) and Daoist Philosophy (Chinese), the co-edited volume Daoist Rituals of the Thunder Altar of Numinous Correspondence in Qiping Township, Tonggu County, Jiangxi Province (Chinese), and edited/co-edited volumes such as Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD) (Brill, 2010), Daoist Ritual Series (Chinese), Special Issue on Chinese Religious Studies (Chinese), and Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Comparative Ethnography of Local Daoist Ritual (Chinese/English). He also co-translated Anna Seidel’s book-length article “Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West (1950-1990)” and has published in China and abroad over 100 academic articles and translations.
內容提要
Abstract
根據公元五世紀以降各個法位道士所受儀典名目，中古時代道門內部最重要而且比較流行的基本儀式類型包括朝儀、傳授儀、齋儀、醮儀、章儀。本書採用文獻學、歷史學和宗教學相結合的方法，對這五種基本儀式類型的典型個案或系列個案做了精詳深廣的考證研究，同時也選擇了驅邪、召神、供養三種非基本儀式的典型個案予以考論，以方便讀者辨別區分基本儀式和其他儀式。本書從形式上梳理了紛繁複雜的道教儀式，首次全面深入地揭示了中古道教儀式的基本面貌和歷史演變。全書以微觀研究、分析研究、具體研究為主，以宏觀研究、綜合研究、概括研究為輔，與作者的另一部斷代道教儀式史著《唐前道教儀式史綱》（中華書局，2008）在觀點、方法和材料上均相輔相成。全書106萬餘字，1400多頁，其中包括12頁彩圖。
According to the ritual texts conferred upon Daoists of respective ranks since the fifth century, the most prevalent and important basic ritual types within medieval Daoism comprise the audience ritual, the transmission ritual, the fast ritual, the offering ritual, and the petition ritual. This monograph employs a multidisciplinary approach integrating textual, historical, and religious studies to conduct meticulous critical studies of typical cases or case series of these five fundamental ritual types. Additionally, three non-basic rituals, i.e., the exorcist ritual, the spirit-summoning ritual, and the nourishment ritual, are examined through paradigmatic case studies, enabling readers to distinguish essential rituals from supplementary practices. By systematically classifying the intricate forms of Daoist rituals, this work presents the first comprehensive and in-depth exposition of the fundamental framework and historical evolution of medieval Daoist liturgy. The study prioritizes micro-level analysis, case-specific examination, and detailed investigation, while incorporating macro-scale synthesis, integrated approaches, and generalized observations as complementary dimensions. This monograph complements the author’s earlier period-specific work, A Historical Survey of Pre-Tang Daoist Ritual (Zhonghua shuju, 2008), through synergistic alignment in viewpoints, methodologies, and source materials. The book contains over 1.06 million characters and more than 1,400 pages, including 12 pages of color illustrations.
推薦語一
Recommendation I
宗教儀式通過象徵性的動作與言語，演繹神話傳說，助力人神感通，並預示信徒通往超越境界的旅程。道教科儀博大精深，卻相對鮮為人知。呂教授鞭辟入裏的分析，為我們理解其歷史脈絡與結構精妙之處，開闢了多重路徑。在道教形成期的漢唐時代，其儀式在廣度與複雜程度兩方面都顯著提升，以適應多樣的地域傳統、新降授的經典、演變的超越觀念以及不斷的祭祀改革。漢帝國的解體與佛教的傳播，亦促進了深遠的轉變。呂教授對道教儀式做了多層次的分類，辨識出朝（禮敬）、傳（授職）、齋（潔淨）、醮（祭祀）、章（祈禱）五類儀式及其互補性質，剖析了行儀的特定意圖（如療疾、解厄、度亡、驅邪、占卜、護國安民等），並梳理了與行儀道士法位對應之藏內外儀式的等級。這部博學之作縱貫八百年光陰，深入挖掘《道藏》典籍與敦煌寫本的浩瀚文庫，首次全面闡述了至今仍構成道教科儀核心的禮儀體系，堪稱里程碑式的成果。
Religious rituals narrate and enact myths, establish communion with the divine, and anticipate a devotee’s journey to transcendence with symbolic gestures and utterances. The rich liturgy of Daoism remains comparatively little known but Professor Lü Pengzhi’s masterful analysis opens multiple avenues for understanding its historical and structural intricacies. During its formative period between the Later Han and the Tang, Daoist ritual grew in scope and complexity to accommodate diverse regional traditions, new scriptural revelations, evolving concepts of transcendence, and successive sacrificial reforms. The breakup of the Han empire and the spread of Buddhism also prompted far-reaching change. Professor Lü’s multilayered typology distinguishes the complementary nature of the Audience (homage), Transmission (ordination), Fast (purification), Offering (sacrifice), and Petition (prayer) categories of ritual, the specific intention of a ritual performance (healing, deliverance, salvation, exorcism, divination, peace and prosperity of the state, etc.), and a hierarchy of canonical and vernacular rites corresponding with the officiant’s degree of initiation. Spanning eight centuries and drawing on the vast libraries of the Daoist canon and Dunhuang manuscripts, this monument of erudition offers the first comprehensive account of the body of rites that still forms the core of Daoist liturgy today.
Franciscus Verellen 傅飛嵐
Author of Imperiled Destinies: The Daoist Quest for Deliverance in Medieval China. Harvard University Asia Center, 2019.《命途多舛——中古道教的罪愆與救贖》（哈佛大學亞洲中心，2019年）作者
推薦語二
Recommendation II
道教儀式研究無疑是道教學術領域中至關重要且極具挑戰性的課題。道教儀式的重要性在於，儀式實踐在道教體系結構、神學思想及歷史演進中佔據核心地位；道教儀式的難度則在於，儀式文獻作為主要研究依據，本屬日常實用儀節，常隨需求持續修訂，致使科儀歷史的重構舉步維艱。此類研究既需歷史洞察力、分析敏銳度，亦需語言敏感度。呂鵬志教授積數十年之功的這部巨著，正彰顯了這些學術特質。其行文明晰曉暢，方法精熟老練，令著作兼具研究價值與閱讀愉悅。通過窮盡文獻與融匯全球學界成果，呂教授令人信服地論證了道教五大核心儀式——章儀、傳授儀、朝儀、齋儀、醮儀——在中古時期的發展脈絡與歷史源流。此發現本身已構成道教學術的革命性突破，而呂教授更深入探究了與其劃定範疇存在交疊的各類儀式。尤具價值的是，其成果呈現方式使讀者得以清晰把握所有道教儀式中固有的複雜結構與內在動力機制。本著作資料宏富、闡釋精微，凡欲探究道教在中國歷史文化中多元角色者，皆當奉為必讀經典。
The study of ritual is, without doubt, the most important and difficult aspect of the study of Daoism. Its importance lies in the centrality of ritual practice to the structures, theology, and development of the religion. Its difficulty is due to the fact that ritual manuals, our primary evidence, were daily use items and modified continuously according to need, thwarting efforts at reconstructing liturgical history. The study of ritual thus requires historical perspicacity, analytical acumen, and linguistic sensitivity. In this magnum opus, the result of decades of research, Professor Lü Pengzhi demonstrates these qualities, bringing to the task a clear writing style and methodological expertise that make the work a joy to use and study. Through exhaustive research and careful engagement with worldwide scholarly results, Professor Lű demonstrates convincingly the medieval development and historical sources of the five major types of Daoist ritual—petition, transmission, audience, fast, and offering. This finding, in itself, represents a revolution in Daoist studies, but Professor Lü deals as well with a variety of rituals that overlapped with the categories he has isolated. Further, he organizes his findings in a way that allows readers to easily comprehend the difficult structures and motive forces inherent in all Daoist ritual. Rich in data and comprehensive in explanatory power, this work will be required reading for all who are interested in the multifarious roles of Daoism in the history and culture of China.
Stephen R. Bokenkamp 柏夷
Regents’ Professor Emeritus, Arizona State University 亞利桑那州立大學榮休學監教授
序
學友呂君鵬志因2008年出版《唐前道教儀式史綱》一書而聲名鵲起，呂君旋即成為全世界研究唐前道教儀式的領軍學者。繼此之後，年復一年，他不斷發表靈寶派和正一派儀式文獻的深度整理研究論文，每篇論文都加深了我們對這些儀式文獻的理解，駁斥了其他學者不準確的或有偏頗的學說。呂君同時也從事道教儀式田野調查，深耕細作，不辭辛勞，負責主編《道教儀式叢書》，將他自己和其他學者收集的田野資料彙編成書。呂君的所有論著都有一個突出的特色，就是面面俱到，無所不及。這些論著之所以有此特色，部分原因是呂君是唯一熟練掌握所有法文、英文、日文和中文資料的學者，簡直可以說沒有任何文獻資料他未讀透。
呂君自2017年去西南交通大學工作以來，不僅繼續做學問，而且教書育人。新冠疫情期間他面向全球學人（包括很多道士）開設網課，講授道教儀式的歷史，同時也在精心培養自己的碩、博士研究生。教學相長，這對他始終堅持從事高水平學術研究大有助益。
呂君此著有十幾章曾在海內外學術書刊公開發表，也有好幾章（研討主題分別是朝儀源流、《靈寶三籙簡文》、羅天大醮和《赤松子章曆》）是新寫的論文，所有章節都按精心設定的結構框架集結組成一部大書。作者一心為讀者著想，不只是將所有論文彙集一處以方便查找，還對它們做了細微的修訂。而此書最重要的是各章論文的組織原則與作者長期持有的見解完全一致，他認為有五種基本道教儀式類型，包括朝儀、傳授儀、齋儀、醮儀、章儀。為讓讀者瞭解基本儀式之外的其它儀式類型，作者在最後三章分別討論了驅邪儀式、召神儀式和供養儀式（供養儀式後來變成了普度儀式）的個案。
讀者諸君欲究五類編次之奧義者，建議先讀全書末尾的卒章「《中古道教儀式研究》與《唐前道教儀式史綱》相輔相成」。在卒章中，作者一開始就概述五種基本儀式類型在各個早期道派中是如何形成的。他指出，道教界和學術界廣泛使用「齋醮」一詞指稱道教儀式並不妥當，該詞實際上只適用於宋代以降的道教儀式，其含義過於模糊，沒有真正用處。作者繼而指出，他的《唐前道教儀式史綱》一書是通過宏觀研究、綜合研究、概括研究得出一般性結論和總的看法，其不足之處可由《中古道教儀式研究》一書加以彌補，因為後者主要是對五種基本儀式類型個案所做的微觀研究、分析研究、具體研究。卒章最後按照法位次序，完整羅列了與五種基本儀式類型相關的原始文獻資料，絕大部分是《道藏》文獻和敦煌寫本。若欲一窺呂君此書構建的宏偉藍圖，閱讀卒章應當是最好的方法。
巴黎利瑪竇學院院長 勞格文
2024年3月15日
Preface
With the publication of his Tangqian daojiao yishi shigang in 2008, Lü Pengzhi established his reputation as the world’s leading scholar of pre-Tang Daoist ritual. Since then, year after year, he has published in-depth studies and critical editions of both Lingbao and Zhengyi texts, each time deepening our understanding of these texts and refuting inaccurate or partial studies by other scholars. He has also delved deeply into fieldwork on Daoist ritual, both his own and that of other scholars whose work he has painstakingly edited (see the Daojiao yishi congshu). What stands out in all his publications is their comprehensive character, in part the result of his unique mastery of all sources in French, English, Japanese, and Chinese. There is literally nothing in the literature that Lü Pengzhi has not read thoroughly.
Since his move to Southwest Jiaotong University in 2017, in addition to his own research, he has also dedicated himself to teaching and mentoring. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he offered online courses on the history of Daoist ritual to large audiences (including many Daoists) around the world, while training master’s and doctoral students of his own. This, too, contributes significantly to the quality of his research.
The present volumes, which also contain new studies—on the origin and development of the Audience ritual, on the Lingbao sanlu jianwen, Luotian dajiao, and the Chisongzi zhangli—is primarily an analytically organized collection of work previously published in a wide range of journals. Bringing them together so as to make them available in one place is itself a service, all the more so in that minor modifications have been made. But the most important is their organization in accord with Lü Pengzhi’s long-held view that there are five basic types of Daoist ritual: audience, transmission, fast, offering, and petition. To these, in chapters 14-16, he adds rituals of exorcism, summoning spirits, and “nourishment” (the ritual that would become the Pudu).
For those interested in what the organization by the five basic types implies, I recommend starting with the “Concluding Chapter,” where Lü Pengzhi begins by summarizing the origins of the five types in the various early Daoist movements. He points out that the widely used term zhaijiao for referring to Daoist ritual is appropriate only from the Song on and is in any case too vague a term to be of real use. He then shows how the comprehensive overview of early Daoist ritual in his Tangqian book is supplemented by the present work composed primarily of close, critical studies of the most important texts in each category. The chapter concludes with a complete listing, by medieval ordination rank, of each of the five types of ritual in Dunhuang and the Daozang. No better glimpse can be had of the vast enterprise this book represents.
John Lagerwey
Director, Ricci Institute Paris
March 15, 2024
