主辦單位:西南交通大學中國宗教研究中心、四川大學歷史文化學院、中國社會科學院世界宗教研究所
贊助單位:待定
會議時間:2021年 月(待定)
一、主題發言
1 張勳燎(四川大學歷史文化學院)
主題發言:道教考古和道教史研究
通過“道教考古”的學科概念內涵的解說,論述道教考古研究和包括道教儀制活動在內的道教史研究之間的關係,呼籲進一步改變考古研究和道教史研究之間存在的疏離狀態,相互溝通,共同努力,為發展道教史研究、完善學科體系作出新的貢獻。
2 勞格文John Lagerwey(香港中文大學)
主題發言:What Daoist Ritual Has to Contribute to Ritual Studies
This paper has three objectives: 1) to situate the history of Daoist ritual study within ritual studies as a whole; 2) to reflect on the role of ritual in Chinese culture as a whole; 3) to survey the history and present focus of Daoist ritual studies. In the first part I will look at the impact of Protestant ideas of religion that militated against the development of ritual studies until the 1960s and 70s. In the second I will use Vandermeersch’s idea of Western “teleologic” vs Chinese “morphologic” in discussing the central role of ritual in both Confucian and Daoist history. Finally, I will discuss briefly how the shift from the study of pre-Tang ritual that dominated the first phase of Daoist ritual studies to the current emphasis on field work and more recent historical eras contributes to our understanding of Chinese intellectual history.
3 安德遜Poul Andersen(夏威夷大學)
主題發言(新書介紹):The Paradox of Being: Truth, Identity, and Images in Daoism (A Book Presentation)
The question of truth has never been more urgent than today, when the distortion of facts and the imposition of pseudo-realities in the service of the powerful have become the order of the day. In this book, I address the concept of truth in Chinese Daoist philosophy and ritual. My approach is unapologetically universalist, and the book may be read as a call for a new way of studying Chinese culture, which does not shy away from approaching “the other” in terms of an engagement with “our own” philosophical heritage.
The basic Chinese word for truth is zhen, which means both true and real, and which thus bypasses the separation of the two ideas insisted on in much of the western philosophical tradition. Through wide-ranging research into Daoist ritual, both in history and as it survives in the present day, I show that the concept of true reality that informs this tradition posits being as a paradox anchored in the inexistent Way (Dao). The preferred way of life suggested by this insight consists in seeking to be an exception to ordinary norms and rules of behavior which nonetheless engages what is common to us all.
The first part of the book (chapters 1-3) deals with some crucial conceptual issues involved in this universalist philosophical approach: the relationship between truth and subjectivity, and the contrast between truth and knowledge. The philosophical grounding is in modern European philosophy starting with Leibniz and Kant, with special reference to Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), the founder of existentialism, and the contemporary French philosopher Alain Badiou, who has brought the questions of truth and the subject back into Western intellectual discourse—as an important corrective to the hegemony of postmodernism. The focus of this part of the book is on ontology, in general and as it is developed in Daoism. In Daoism, it is commonly expressed in terms of nothingness and the absent Way, similar to the notions found in Western modernist literature, with its focus on presence as absence.
The second part (chapters 4-6) extends this foundation into a phenomenology and a theory of Daoist ritual. A main theme is provided by the dual concepts of ti and yong, essence and function, which are shown to be fundamental to Daoist understandings of the structure, not only of ritual, but also of the complex iconographies of the images used in ritual. My resources for this discussion include most importantly the Scripture of the Jade Pivot, Yushu jing (c. 1200 CE), and my research into the history and iconography of its main deity Puhua tianzun, the supreme god of thunder. A dominant theme in this connection is that of unity and identity, both of images and of the individual identities of Daoist adepts developed in forms of the transformation of the body/self, bianshen, and in the play of identifications with various deities. Personal transformation, understood as the attainment of immortality, is at the heart of all Daoist practice—in individual inner alchemy, neidan, and as a crucial part of public ritual, where it takes the form of the inner journey to heaven of the high priest in order to submit the written petition that describes the circumstances and the goals of performing the ritual in question. Chapter 6 is devoted to the ritual of submitting the petition, fuzhang, throughout history and in present-day Daoist performances. It is shown to rely on the important theme of sincerity, cheng, which, contrary to some contemporary Western theories of ritual, is seen to be crucial to the efficacy of Daoist ritual.
二、分組論文
【說明】以下論文擬分為四組:①道教儀式史;②現存道教儀式;③道教視野中的其他中國宗教儀式(佛教儀式、民間宗教儀式、少數民族宗教儀式);④藝術、考古與道教儀式。
① 道教儀式史
4 祁泰履Terry Kleeman(美國科羅拉多大學)
Alchemy and the Celestial Master: The Zhao Sheng Legend and Tianshidao
The Celestial Master Church was founded in the mid-second century C.E. as a mass liturgical movement, offering ritual means to attain salvation and Daoist apotheosis. The movement consciously eschewed the search for longevity through alchemical, medical, or sacrificial means, as well as medical responses to illness, secular sexual self-cultivation practices, and divination to change one’s fate. Already by the fourth century, however, a tradition developed in South China that Zhang Daoling had not been the founder of a religion, but rather a traditional teacher of transcendence, with a small cohort of personal disciples. Two disciples, Wang Chang and Zhao Sheng are singled out as the only recipients of his true teachings, and they recur in later scriptures through the Tang dynasty. Although the goal of these disciples is alchemical transcendence, there are moralistic aspects to their texts, and there is an association as well with the Celestial Master rite of sexual union, the Merging of Pneumas. This paper will look at this tradition and its associated texts in a quest to determine to what degree this textual tradition reflects a set of practices employed by a historical group of people.
5 呂鵬志(西南交通大學人文學院)
靈寶齋之發端——靈寶三籙簡文輯考
“靈寶三籙簡文”系古靈寶經之一《(靈寶)三元威儀自然真經》(簡稱“威儀自然”)三卷之總名,包括《太上洞玄靈寶金籙簡文三元威儀自然真經》(簡稱《上元金籙簡文》)一卷、《太上洞玄靈寶玉籙簡文三元威儀自然真經》(簡稱《中元玉籙簡文》)一卷和《太上洞玄靈寶黃籙簡文三元威儀自然真經》(簡稱《下元黃籙簡文》)一卷,亦別稱“三籙簡文”或“靈寶三籙簡文”。靈寶三籙簡文在歷代流傳過程中散佚嚴重,現存明《道藏》僅收入基本完整的《洞玄靈寶玉籙簡文三元威儀自然真經》,《上元金籙簡文》和《下元黃籙簡文》在明《道藏》中則僅見他書徵引的片段文字。雖然後來有學者從藏內外文獻尤其是敦煌遺書中發現了靈寶三籙簡文的不少佚文並作過輯錄研究,但或考訂不精,或輯佚未善,或研究不夠深入,未能真正揭示這部靈寶科儀要籍的原貌。我們在此試對此經重加輯校考訂,對其內容做釋證分析,以便深刻認識它在道教儀式史上的重要地位或價值。
6 楊金麗(西南交通大學人文學院碩士研究生)
早期靈寶科儀——以《元始五老赤書玉篇真文天書經》和《太上洞玄靈寶赤書玉訣妙經》為中心的研究
本文主要是歸納概括《元始五老赤書玉篇真文天書經》和《太上洞玄靈寶赤書玉訣妙經》這兩部相關古靈寶經記載的一系列早期靈寶科儀,分析考證它們的不同來源(方士傳統、佛教、天師道)及其流變。
7 李福Gil Raz(美國達特茅斯學院宗教系)
The Introduction of Anthropomorphic Imagery in Daoist Ritual
Daoist ritual during the three centuries between the early Celestial Master community and the systemization of ritual and textual canon in the fifth century by Lu Xiujing was aniconic. The ritual protocols of the Celestial Master community and of the Lingbao scriptures simply had no use or place for iconic imagery. This remains the case in the Daoist compendium Wushang biyao 無上秘要 compiled at the behest of emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou in the late 570’s. Yet, statues are an integral part of Daoist ritual as presented in the early 7th century ritual compendium Sandong fengdao kejie 三洞奉道科戒. Where and when did Daoist statues appear? And, How were they accepted and incorporated into orthodox Daoist ritual? This paper traces the introduction of statues and iconic imagery into Daoist ritual and the changes in ritual practice entailed by the use of iconic imagery.
8 孫齊(山東大學儒學高等研究院)
中古道觀中的儀式活動
自五世紀後期,道觀現象開始在南方出現並逐漸擴展。道觀的出現,代表著中古道教組織模式和修行活動的巨大變遷:天師道開始放開與基層信眾的隸屬關係,轉而發展出職業的道士階層,道觀制度逐步取代祭酒制度,成為隋唐道教的主流。在這一“道觀化”進程中,中古道教的儀式活動也發生了相應的變化。道觀道士從傳統天師道儀式、新興靈寶經儀式和佛教儀式中擇取、發明或者改造那些適用於“寺院主義”修行的內容,在隋唐時代逐步形成了一套固定的道觀儀式類型。
9 曹淩(上海師範大學哲學系)
金明七真的教團與儀式設計——基於新資料的探討
圍繞《三洞奉道科》,學界對金明七真已經有了不少討論。然而現行的研究傾向於認為歷史上存在過的金明七真及其教團與《三洞奉道科》的作者並非同一時代,也並不屬於同一教法的系統。因此後者並不能代表歷史上金明七真教團的教法。金明七真教團的情況由此重新陷入迷霧之中。
筆者最近於藏內文獻和敦煌遺書中又找到一部分屬於金明七真系的經典,為前人所未曾納入討論者。本文將首先對這些文獻進行表列和說明,嘗試論證其基本性質和相關性,確認它們屬於歷史上金明七真教團的作品。在此基礎上,再以籙與齋兩個問題為中心,分析金明七真對於教團規制與儀式體系的設計,及這些內容對後世的影響。最後,筆者希望通過對這個南北朝晚期產生的新興道教團體的個案研究,重新審思這一時期道教教法及科儀整合的情況。
10 吳楊(美國亞利桑那州立大學博士)
Performative Officiants: The Social Transformation of the Daoist Ordination Rite in the Late Tang and the Five Dynasties
After a long evolution from the early Tang to the Five Dynasties, the Daoist ordination rite for the Dao De jing was added with a large number of performative elements in the Taishang sandong chuanshou Dao De jing zixu lu baibiao yi 太上三洞传授道德经紫虚籙拜表仪. Du Guangting, the author of the protocol, rewrote the new hymns or recomposed the lyrics for the old hymns. As a result of the interaction with the Tang society and with Buddhism, this new form of high performativity redefined the six major ritual officiants of the traditional Lingbao retreat.
11 張超然(臺灣輔仁大學宗教學系)
昇壇轉經:道教誦經儀式的形成與發展
經典的轉誦是道教儀式的重要組成,也是主要的儀式類型之一。作為道教主流儀式的齋儀,其形成之初便以“行道”、“轉經”作為儀式的主體部分。時至今日,誦經儀式仍然是道教齋醮科儀不可或缺的節次。然而,經典的誦讀並非道教發展初期既已選用的實踐方式;也不是所有的道教經典都會採取這樣的實踐方法。那麼,這類已經成為主流的經典實踐方式究竟是如何發展而成的?本文打算循著齋儀之中“轉經”儀式的發展脈絡,考察道教誦經儀式的發展,同時關注那些被安排於齋儀之中轉誦的經典,考察這些經典得到檢選的可能原因,以及不同時期所轉誦的經典的變化情形。
12 劉金成(四川大學道教與宗教文化研究所博士研究生)
請神、焚香與祝咒——《靈棋本章正經》的占卜儀式
易占是中國古代占卜傳統的重要構成之一。中古時代的道門中人多有援用、改造易占之術,並融會到道教自身的實踐傳統之中,從而形成了獨具道教特色的易占之法。《道藏》所見的《靈棋本章正經》就是中古道教占卜法術的代表之作。在這一經典文本的書寫中,占卜儀式在整套占卜過程中具有重要的位置,其儀式過程則能窺見道教易占的獨特性格和神聖色彩。本文試圖對《靈棋本章正經》所見的占卜儀式展開分析,並揭示在請神、焚香以及祝咒等儀式環節中蘊藏的道教符號及其意義內涵,從而瞭解中古易占的道教化傾向。藉助《靈棋本章正經》所示的占卜儀式展開分析,或許能進一步瞭解易占與道教的密切關涉,也能豐富對中古道教儀式傳統的更多認識。
13 張晨坤(西南交通大學人文學院博士研究生)、呂鵬志(西南交通大學人文學院)
《翊聖保德真君傳》與宋初道教的信仰和儀式
北宋王欽若奉敕編集的《翊聖保德真君傳》假託天神真君降言,宣傳君權神授,為太宗(即位前為晉王)承繼太祖地位製造神學依據,是研究宋初道教史的重要教內資料。降言中提到了宋初道教信仰的若干神明(如上帝/玉帝/玉皇、北帝、紫微、七元、真君、天蓬、九曜、東鬥、天地水三官、真武、西鬥、天曹、靈寶、三清、星宿諸神等)和鬼魔邪怪(包括山魈),特意指出道教所奉上天之神與巫覡所奉鬼魅之間存在根本差別。尤其值得注意的是,神君的“降言”列舉了驅邪除妖的劍法和為國祈福的壇儀(兩類儀法各分三類),還提到了舉行儀式使用的法物、詞章。將《翊聖保德真君傳》與宋初及宋初前後的其他道教資料比較印證可知,宋初道教基本承襲了隋唐五代道教的信仰和儀式,還沒有像兩宋之際的道教那樣因大量吸收新道法、密教、民間宗教成份而產生巨變(美國道教學者司馬虛Michel Strickmann稱這一巨變為“十二世紀道教的復興”),不過新的驅邪神明和驅邪法術已開始悄然出現在國家道教儀式中,預示著近百年後驅邪儀式將登上道教儀式的中心舞臺。
14 姜守誠(中國人民大學哲學院)
宋元道教科儀中的“天醫”觀念
道教的天醫觀念起源甚早,是對世俗醫藥觀念的神化和投射。不過,唐以前天醫的診治對象僅限於陽世中人,晚唐以降才出現針對幽冥亡魂的地醫。地醫觀念雖未在道門內部流行開來,但促使天醫的內涵與外延得到擴大,使其最終扮演了陰陽兩界醫藥之神的角色。宋元道書中有大量內容涉及天醫觀念,不僅設有專門的醮事儀軌,而且滲透在其它不同性質的齋醮儀式中。在科儀演法中,道士通過外在的壇幕陳設以及內在的存思冥想,並配以焚符誦咒、宣讀疏文等,生動地擬構出了召請天醫諸神降臨壇場的場景,藉此為陽世中的齋主及闔家人等祛病驅邪、扶體資身,或為身處幽冥中的亡者全形復性、治愈痼症。
15 許蔚(上海社會科學院)
莫月鼎及其使者符法的作用與傳派——以傳記資料與道法鈔本對讀
本文分為兩個部分。其一,莫月鼎生平與傳法的辯證。主要依據《元人畫莫月鼎像》卷所見元人記述,指出《歷世真仙體道通鑑續編》及宋濂《元莫月鼎傳碑》的不可靠,論證莫月鼎從鄒鐵壁所傳僅為使者符法,并以清鈔本《鶴林類集》所載周玄真在明洪武至永樂年間祈禱晴雨的行法記錄對讀,梳理使者符法在元、明之際的傳派及其受到道門、學者重視的原由。其二,使者符法作用方法的追蹤與復原。主要依據明萬曆鈔本《九炁雷晶碧潭使者大法》以及《道法會元·雷霆飛捷使者大法》所保存的一首“莫月鼎符形”,辨析《道法會元》、《法海遺珠》所收諸種使者法中何者為莫月鼎所傳使者符法,其作用方法如何。
16 謝世維(臺灣政治大學宗教研究所)
道教法術儀式之框架及其內涵:天罡大聖法術之構成與演變
本文以元明時期天罡大聖法的形成為研究核心。主要從四部天罡大聖密切聯繫的經典,考察天罡大聖法的意涵。從天罡大聖法的文獻來看,與天心正法有密切關係,天罡法系並結合神霄雷法以及密法。本文擬從天心正法相關資料以及《道法會元》、《清微元降大法》、《藏外道書》等目前所保存的天罡法文獻當中,去探討天罡法在宋元時期的發展與轉化。天罡大聖法所使用的存想與咒法也是本研究的重點,學界已關注有關道教法術使用梵咒的現象,本計畫將針對秘咒部分做考察。天罡法作為北斗信仰的一部分,與北斗法術的發展有關,並與唐代佛道教的星祭星供有密切關聯。本文也會在北斗法術與信仰的脈絡當中去考察天罡法的淵源與發展。最後本文關注清微儀式模式的格式化如何套用在天罡法儀式之上,並論證天罡法術儀式與清微派之關係。
17 高振宏(臺灣政治大學中文系)
王文卿一系雷法與驅邪法術研究──《法海遺珠》與《道法會元》比較研究之一
《法海遺珠》與《道法會元》為宋元明時期重要的法術彙編資料,其中收羅許多當時流行各式法術,以往學界多將其內容分為清微、神霄、新神霄等派別,以為係由林靈素、王文卿、張繼先、祖舒等傳衍而下的法術系統。但若細究其中內容,仍可發現其中存在著若干差異,特別是宣稱源自林靈素、王文卿的雷法系統。此肇因於林靈素與王文卿先後在徽宗朝任官,其法術特徵也以雷法為主,所以多將兩人並稱同列,視為雷法祖師。然而深究《法海遺珠》、《道法會元》或是之後的法脈傳承,可明顯看出兩者法術系統的差異,筆者以為《法海遺珠》以林靈素一系為主,《道法會元》則以王文卿一系為主,但目前道教學界仍多未細論其中差異。準此,本文擬以王文卿為軸、林靈素為輔,整理《法海遺珠》與《道法會元》中相關的法術系統,旁及《藏外道書》與其他史料,試圖勾勒林靈素與王文卿兩系法術系統的譜系與內容特色,期能更清楚的說明其內涵,也能更深刻地理解宋代以來雷法與驅邪法術的特點。
18 酒井規史(日本慶應義塾大學商學部)
王文卿的著作及其流傳——兼論神霄雷法科儀書的編纂過程
眾所周知,王文卿是宋代著名道士, 在雷法傳統中也是受到重視的人物。南宋洪邁《夷堅志》也記載了他的逸話,可知當時已遐邇馳名。但他的可靠傳記資料並不多,其活動的實際情況尚有不明之處,其著作也大部分真假難辨。
值得注意的是,現存署名王文卿的著作中,有多少是他本人的著述,目前尚不明確,但它們都作為王文卿的著作流傳下來了。本次報告希望對《道法會元》等書中所收的王文卿的著作、其語錄《沖虛通妙侍宸王先生家話》與相關資料重新進行對照與分析,整理各種資料,並說明它們之間的相互關係。另外,筆者還試圖借此一窺神霄系統雷法科儀書的編纂過程。
19 常志靜Florian Reiter(德國柏林洪堡大學漢學系)
How Heavenly Masters Daoism of the period Song-Yuan deals with demoniac plagues
We have impressing Daoist accounts of the omnipresence of demons and the plagues in this world that demons are supposed to cause. They make their presence felt in the living quarters as well as in all elements of nature, infesting mountains and rivers and eventually causing illness and unfortunate developments in social life. Heavenly Masters Daoism from its very beginning presented methods to deal with the problem which is the basic theme of this presentation. Due to the very nature of the Daoist Canon 正統道藏we do not get detailed ritual programs that Daoist priests, be they called Master of the Dao or Master of the Ritual/Norm 道士/法師 performed. We do find indications in historical and canonical sources that priests established devices called Earth Prison 地獄 to confine demons. The period Song-Yuan 宋元saw the rationalization, documentation, and new formulation of exorcist ways and means along the lines of Song-internal alchemy and following some literary standards. There may have been Tang-precursors of Daoist exorcism that canonical sources left undocumented as to details. We speak about the great wealth of exorcist ritual programs in the Song-Yuan era that in fact Daoist priests but not sorcerers executed, and they do so up to today. In history a well-known example is the Song Daoist Wang Wenqing 王文卿who staged a Thunder Ritual at the court of Emperor Song Huizong宋徽宗, setting up a Thunder altar with a jar in its centre to confine and bury fox-spirits that had haunted the compound of halls and towers of the court. In a sense, the jar used at the occasion served as prison. We find for the period in consideration many descriptions of what a prison for demons should look like. There are variants, for example. the Prison of Fire 火獄that was extensively described in the texts of theGreat Rituals of Tian Peng 上清天蓬伏魔大法which we will present. This exorcism was performed as independent rituals. However, the need and aim to confine demons is also seen in the context of rituals in the Dao-arena 道場where the character well 井drawn on the ground serves the purpose with a less spectacular performance. In any case, it is important to realize that amulets, spells, ritual steps and mûdras come with such rituals that do not have the ecstatic nature of mediumistic performances but belong to the controlled, sober action of the priest in Heavenly Master Daoism. We know that the exorcism of the Ritual-arena 法場 is very often performed by priests who also equally qualify to operate Dao-arenas 道場. One person can unite seemingly different professional qualities. I note that also in exorcism the individual and religious standing of the priest is based on the self-identification with the spirit-general that carries the respective exorcism. This process is called transformation into a divinity 變神which basically is an element in any Daoist ritual which we will explain. We especially note that this self-identification is absolutely different from possession that characterizes mediumistic culture. In this context we observe that it seems to depend on the regional tradition and the individual history of the priest whether he can do both jobs or has to focus exclusively on Dao 道or Fa法, implying a different and restricted training and range of operation. We observe that in present times large scale Daoist exorcism, as we see it in the Ritual-arena 法場contains one particular action that reminds us of the priest and exorcist Wang Wenqing performing at the Song-court, and this part is called Collecting the Killing Breaths收煞. Collecting the Killing Breaths uses a jar that is covered with an amulet-cloth that has an opening to take in the killing breaths. We want to show the importance of a ritual, exorcist device that aims at confining and neutralizing demoniac spirits which is very much different from other Thunder Rituals that profess to kill and exterminate demons. There are many different and seemingly conflicting approaches to tackle the problems that demons cause. These methods co-existed and the predominance of this or that method may be a difference that is still beyond our interpretation.
20 高萬桑Vincent Goossaert(法國高等研究學院宗教學部)
Daoist ritual in the soteriology of Qing scholars 清代文人的救世成神與道教科儀
The lay spirit-writing groups were a major type of religious organization in late imperial times, and remain so in certain parts of the Chinese world. Even though they were sometimes assuming a Confucian identity, Daoist ritual was an essential component of their identity and practice. This paper will first explore the range of liturgical texts in their textual productions and canons, then look at the types of rituals they most frequently performed, before turning to narrative material that detail how a wish to learn Daoist rituals was a major reason why many literati joined spirit-writing groups.
21 劉婧媮(美國哈佛大學東亞語言與文明系博士候選人)
Universal Salvation and Bodily Transcendence: The Yellow Register Retreat and a Daoist Solution toward Death and (Re)birth
This paper investigates the Yellow Register Retreat, a Daoist universal salvation ritual which aims at bringing about deliverance to all the souls of the dead and conferring blessings to the living regardless of age, gender, and social status. The study focuses on the development of the Yellow Register Retreat during the Song dynasty, in particular on a specific ritual procedure called “Salvation through sublimation” (liandu鍊度). It aims to discuss the prominence of this ritual procedure within the Yellow Register Retreat and see how its integration to the Retreat helps define the Daoist soteriological scheme of universal salvation.
22 甘雪松Jacopo Scarin(威尼斯大學)
A Daoist Ritual Nexus in South China: Suzhou, Court Daoism and Longmen Communities
The aim of this paper is to uncover the importance of Suzhou as a Daoist ritual centre during the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns by studying the Daoist rituals employed in two distant areas of the Qing empire by very different Daoist institutions: the Zhengyi Order in Beijing and the Longmen Daoists in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
During the 18th century, different Daoist institutions and communities experienced a series of events whose influence shaped their development during the following centuries. Two important forms of organized Daoism during that period were the Zhengyi 正一 Order, led by the Heavenly Master 天師 of the Zhang 張 family, with headquarters on Mount Longhu and the Longmen lineages 龍門派 that were at the same time spreading in Zhejiang and Jiangsu. During the Yongzheng reign (1723-1735) the most important Daoist affiliated with the Zhengyi Order at the capital was Lou Jinyuan, who arrived there as a Daoist official 法官 in 1727. Between 1731 and 1736 he received imperial favours and accumulated a series of prominent positions. During the following Qianlong 乾隆 era (1736-1796) the emperor gradually undermined the influence of the Heavenly Masters at the capital and attempted to control their authority over religious specialists in the empire, while reserving a special position for Lou Jinyuan. Meanwhile, at the Jingu Grotto 金鼓洞 of Hangzhou a Daoist community that considered itself as representative of the ancient Daoist monastic movement of the 12th century called Quanzhen 全真 started taking over various temples in Zhejiang and Jiangsu, while some of its most prominent Daoists established links with nearby famous temples. This Daoist community called its own tradition Longmen, a rather late term that encompassed a variety of lineages spread throughout the empire.
These two forms of institutional Daoism are very different, yet they were both linked with the Suzhou area. While the circumstances that promoted the formation of a Daoist network between Beijing and Suzhou through Lou Jinyuan’s activities at the capital has already received attention, less has been written about the presence of Longmen Daoists in the area northeast of Lake Tai. By studying the rituals employed by Lou Jinyuan and by the Longmen Daoists of Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces, I will analyse the links between the ritual traditions of these different locations and the magnitude of the influence of the traditions based in Suzhou over very distant and apparently unrelated Daoist communities.
23 赵允嘉(西南交通大學人文學院硕士研究生)、呂鵬志(西南交通大學人文學院教授)
《〈四库全书〉本〈神仙传〉“葛玄”条辨伪》
《神仙傳》是對後世影響極大的早期仙傳,其原本已佚,現存版本中以《廣漢魏叢書》本與《四庫全書》本最為常用,均為明清時舊輯。為了更好地利用《神仙傳》,前人已做過不少工作,如胡守為以《四庫全書》本為底本整理的《神仙傳校釋》,又如康儒博(Robert F. Campany)在《與天地兮比壽——葛洪〈神仙傳〉的翻譯和研究》一書中提供的新輯本。但前輩學者多未對《神仙傳》中記載的事蹟進行詳細考證,本文試以《四庫全書》本《神仙傳》“葛玄”條為例,逐句辨析其內容是否符合史實。
② 現存道教儀式
24 歐福克Volker Olles(四川大學道教與宗教文化研究所)
The Numinous Ancestor Elevated - On the Deity Lingzu in the Fayan tan Ritual Tradition
The title Lingzu 靈祖 (Numinous Ancestor) generally denotes Wang lingguan 王靈官 (Numinous Officer Wang), the well-known Daoist temple protector who is worshiped as an exorcistic deity connected with the forces of thunder and fire. In the Fayan tan 法言壇 tradition, Lingzu is said to be kuixing 魁星, the first star of the Northern Dipper constellation, and he is known under the titles Precelestial Numinous Ancestor of the Dipper Entrance (Xiantian doukou lingzu 先天斗口靈祖) and Numinous and Majestic Holy Emperor of the Precelestial Dipper Palace (Xiantian douque lingwei shengdi 先天斗闕靈威聖帝). However, the title Doukou lingzu is not understood as a personal name, but as designation of a celestial office (zhiwu 職務) that may be held by various personalities. Consequently, the deity Lingzu in the Fayan tan liturgy is also identified as Wang lingguan. The present paper examines the unique career of Lingzu in the Sichuanese Fayan tan tradition.
25 蔣馥蓁(臺灣“教育部”博士後)
《廣成儀制》與清代二仙菴刊刻之多部文檢集的運用
“廣成儀制”科儀傳統自清中葉起便在川西地區為中心廣泛使用。其卷帙浩大應付多端,節次編排靈活可繁可簡,惟安排始終講究規制周延,一直以來受到道士與信眾的接受。其中搭配科儀使用的文檢也不馬虎,同樣亦由成都二仙菴刊刻的文檢集《雅宜集》、《心香妙語》、《靈寶文檢》與《歲時文》等,很好地支持了這塊的需求。
而這些文檢集之可貴不僅於保存良善、持續使用,收錄內容多元豐富、有細緻說明等特點,在研究上也提供相當寶貴的資訊;在此之上,為了廣成科儀專門撰寫(或修改)的眾文檢集,於是在本意陳事、安排設計上都顯得更為熨貼,甚至表現在與科本段落句子的重複。對以上幾部文檢集作細緻全面的分析,將有助於我們更加了解《廣成儀制》科儀傳統的使用與意義。
26 向仲敏(西南交通大學人文學院)
劉咸炘《祀天師科儀》初探
對於劉咸炘與道教的關係研究,學界已有的成果並不多見。或許是長期以來人們的一個誤解,正如馬西沙《中國民間宗教史》表述的那樣:“劉咸炘不喜其父教業(注:劉咸炘之父劉梖文,為劉門教第三代掌門人),專心治史,為近現代史學大家”,因而學界對這位蜀中天才學者與道教關係的研究,有所忽略。其實,從民國年間劉咸炘積極營建劉門教重要活動場所新津天社山,到其對法言壇道士的重要開示(《告法言道士俚語》),以及其在《道藏征略》中所發重修《道藏》的宏願,都體現出劉咸炘基於家學淵源的對道教的獨特情感。
本文所探討的《祀天師科儀》,是劉咸炘編撰的一篇重要道教科儀文獻。我將在文章裡重點探討《祀天師科儀》的儀式結構,從誦贊、稱念神號、誦諸真寶誥、啟請神號、號水、誦咒、灑壇、發燭、獻香、獻燈、獻水、通奏申表書等科儀程式來看,《祀天師科儀》具有道教科儀的一般形態;另一方面,《祀天師科儀》體現了劉咸炘“儒道同源”甚至是“三教合一”的主張,這在《科儀》文中中均有明確表述(“一道合儒仙”,“聖賢仙佛同悲憫”)。總之,對《祀天師科儀》的探討,將有助於學界深化對於劉咸炘思想之研究。
27 梅林寶Mark Meulenbeld(香港理工大學中國文化學系)
Ritual Ecology of the Peach Blossom Spring
This paper aims to apply an ecological interpretation to the ritual lore surrounding a sacred site in Northern Hunan, weaving the discursive threads of ritual, narrative, and sacred site into one synthetic discussion. The ritual under consideration, the offering to the Immoral Ladies (仙娘 xianniang) of the Peach Spring Grotto (桃源洞 Taoyuandong) that is widely popular throughout the province of Hunan, refers itself to the famous story of the Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記 Taohuayuanji) which, in Tao Yuanming’s 陶淵明 classic iteration, is located near Wuling 武陵 (present-day Changde 長德) in northern Hunan. I argue that we may understand the cultural complex surrounding this sacred site as a “ritual ecology.” Most importantly, it is in terms of rituals such as these that we should understand the construction of man-nature relationships within village communities of central Hunan (PRC): through the ritual synergy between village troupes of Daoist priests and the many spirits of local, natural landmarks (including grottoes), the landscape is articulated as a sacred, ecological whole. Second, applying these ideas more broadly, it is through ritual that the local narrative (of possibly non-Han “minority” origin) about a sacred site in northern Hunan has come to be recycled as if it were mainstream Han culture. It is also through ritual that it is preserved as an active locus of efficacy – an efficacy that, in turn, can be recreated in laymen’s households through ritual.
28 莫達夫 David Mozina(美國波士頓學院)
Summoning Martial Deities with Banners: The Roots of a Ritual Practice in Hunan
This paper explores the use of cloth banners to summon martial deities, a common ritual practice in central Hunan. Relying on ethnographic fieldwork, the paper first sketches the practice by which a ritual officiant summons particular martial deities by inscribing a long talisman on a cloth banner with streamers cut into one end. Then the banner is hoisted onto a pole for the wind to knot the streamers, signaling the martial deity or deities has responded to the summons. The paper then traces the history of this practice in canonical and non-canonical sources, which seems to indicate that the practice has roots in Sichuan.
29 田澤人(中國人民大學哲學院道教研究中心碩士研究生)
范華先生藏湖南道教梅山教科儀抄本彙編綜述
中國人民大學道教研究中心自兩年前即與范華先生合作,準備系統地整理出版其30多年以來收藏的湖南道教與梅山教的科儀抄本,筆者亦有幸負責其事。經初步統計,范華先生藏湖南道教道書科儀本1050餘冊,內容包含經書、科本、懺本、文疏、符籙、丹經以及術數,可謂包羅萬象。梅山教科儀本80餘冊,內容較為單一,幾乎全部為科本。筆者擬以湖南道教的科本和懺本為中心進行深入細緻的分類,並與《正統道藏》所收錄的科儀本做對比,借此研究道教儀式在地方上發展演化的各種變相。
30 陳文龍(福建師範大學社會歷史學院)
江西填籙科本初探
關於道教授籙科本的收集和研究已經有不少成果,但仍有很大研究空間。本文以江西修水、吉安兩地收集到的四種民間手抄科本為例,比較研究其源流和內容異同。這些文本涉及龍虎山授籙的歷史資料及天師授籙傳說,頗值得學界關注。
31 巫能昌(復旦大學歷史系)
贛南地區民間道教法師儀式傳統再探
道教驅邪法師的儀式傳統是宋元以來中國南方重要的宗教文化傳統。關於贛南地區的情況,勞格文(John Lagerwey)、劉勁峰等學者已經做過細緻的梳理工作,不過仍然還有一定的討論空間,尤其是在當地法師儀式傳統的形成過程、法師崇拜,及其與地方社會的互動方面。報告將以前人研究和新近搜集的田野考察資料為基礎,結合傳統傳世道書,對這些問題進行探討。
32 呂燁(臺灣政治大學宗教研究所博士候選人)
贛東北“本地靈寶”三朝醮個案
上饒市位於贛東北地區,與浙西、閩北接壤,居民多閩、浙兩省移民。與移民一同進入上饒的儀式傳統,包含道教清微派、靈寶派、閭山派與民間佛教(釋教)。在上饒當地,靈寶派又分為本地、福建兩類。本文擬對一場“本地靈寶”的三朝醮進行個案研究,結合經典文獻、道壇抄本、宗譜、縣誌及口述資料,深描醮儀內容、探究道壇源流。目的是在紅/白、文/武、道/法等儀式分類詞彙的基礎上,比較本地靈寶與福建靈寶之科儀異同,進一步討論“道”與“法”在醮儀及派別界定中的作用,以期呈現出較為完整的上饒地方道教情況。
33 宗樹人David Palmer(香港大學社會學系)
Civil and Martial Structures in Jiao Rituals: the Buddho-Daoist Altars of a Ritual Tradition in Yingde, Guangdong
This paper will analyze the symphonic contrasts and complementarities between Civil and Martial altars, using this case study to raise general questions about the wen/wu structuration and combination of traditions in popular ritual. The paper will be based on ethnographic analysis of Jiao rituals conducted in 2004 and 2006, as well as textual analysis of over 30 ritual manuscripts collected from the leading priest in the local tradition.
34 祝逸文(上海宗教文化研究中心)
Daoist Ritual in Chongming District of Shanghai 上海崇明區的道教儀式
Although there has been no Daoist temple on the island till now, local Daoists are still active in providing Daoist rituals for residents. I just began to have contact with those Daoists and I hope I could draft a paper about Chongming Daoists and their ritual services before the due day.
35 蕭霽虹(雲南省社會科學院宗教研究所)、段鵬(蘭州大學敦煌學研究所博士研究生)
滇西北白族道教儀式傳統研究——以麗江玉龍縣楊姓道壇為中心
道教自傳入雲南,即對滇西北的白族等少數民族地方社會產生了深遠影響。麗江九河白族鄉的楊姓道壇興盛於清代鹹同年間,其傳承譜系目前可回溯7代,與大理劍川和鶴慶、迪慶維西等地白族的建醮、授徒等儀式長年互動不斷,保存有百餘冊清代、民國時期的道教科儀文本,涉及經、科、符、咒、印等種類。結合史志文獻對楊姓道壇所存科儀文本進行梳理考證,其道教儀式的傳統,諸如歲時節令為主的道教諸神成道紀念日舉行的慶賀儀式,又有以生命週期循環相關的祈嗣、求壽、度亡儀式,以及傳承道派的傳度等儀式。這些道教儀式傳統融入、豐富了白族地方社會歷史。
36 徐天基(深圳大學文化產業研究院)
當代冀南鄉村的度亡科儀:田野調查
當代冀南鄉村的喪禮中,普遍會延請儀式專家進行度亡儀式。這類儀式專家主要有兩類,一類是鄉村火居道士,另一類則是念經和尚。本文以河北廣宗縣的度亡科儀為個案,用民族志深描的方式勾勒該地區道教靈寶派度亡科儀的結構。地方術語中,火居道士將度亡道場稱為“念經”。這些儀式包括“安神”、“度橋”、“請靈開經”、“請三代”及“送疏”,依據喪家的要求,儀式有繁簡的變更。在地方宗教的範疇內,對該地區道教度亡儀式的研究有助於我們深入理解儀式與地方社會傳統的密切聯繫。
37 羅丹(中山大學哲學系〔珠海〕)
河北省廣宗縣地方道教儀式與道派傳承初探
河北省廣宗縣(原屬巨鹿縣)為東漢末年張角領導的黃巾起義發源地,今為邢臺市下轄縣。現廣宗縣仍有村落打醮及超幽度亡道場的道教儀式活動。當地的鄉村道士現存60多人,主要師承三個派別,分別為:全真龍門派,自稱“邱祖”派;武當山榔梅仙派,自稱為“孫祖”派;全真華山派,自稱“郝祖”派。主要以“邱祖”和“孫祖”兩派道士為主。他們所演練的道教科儀以靈寶科儀傳統為主。
經過此前的田野考察。筆者已收集相當一部分當地道士所用的科儀本,並以民族志的方式記錄了他們所演練的打醮儀式與度亡科儀。本文擬通過比較“邱祖”和“孫祖”派別道士所藏的科儀本及他們所演練的儀式過程,梳理廣宗地方道教派別的歷史傳承與發展。
38 黃建興(福建師範大學社會歷史學院)
閩台道教閭山派與巫者的傳承機制
閩台民間相傳成巫者需具有“敏感”的體質,或認為其與神明“有緣”,才會被挑選成為神明的代言人。民間也有相當一部分人是“因病成巫”,所以又有“巫病”一說。這些說法很明顯帶有宗教的神秘色彩。巫者的確較為特殊,有異於常人的生理、心理和精神狀態。關鍵的問題是為何巫者會有如此的不同?除了生物學的遺存之外,巫者的養成無疑還與其所處的地理環境,人文背景和宗教信仰休戚相關。僅靠特殊的體質還無法成為一名合格的巫者,閩台各地巫者多有其一套歷史遺留下來的“傳承”機制,且與道教閭山派的關係極為密切。也即巫者的養成不是一蹴而就的,而是需要一個長期訓練與修行的過程。在這個過程中,通過道教閭山派法師的引導,巫者的特質和技能得以培養和鞏固,道德修養得以提升,進而成為民眾眼裡能夠溝通鬼神的代言人,並通過其所掌握的宗教儀式服務民眾,在地方社會扮演了重要角色。
39 呂永昇(香港中文大學,通識教育中心)
人與神的身分轉換:中國西南地區地方道派的比較研究
“傳度”與“登曹”是地方儀式專家正式出師、死後成為神明的重要過程。此過程牽涉到地方儀式專家的身份認同,以及地方的神明信仰體系與社會觀。“傳度”與“登曹”的儀式同時影響祖先和地方神靈的結合模式,反映當地權力和社會結構的變化。本文以筆者在湘中、湘西、廣西及越南收集的有關“傳度”與“登曹”的宗教文書和田野筆記為據,重新考述西南地方的儀式傳承,探討西南地區道教傳承的發展脈落,藉以分析宗教儀式專家的身份認同,以及西南地區的禮儀與歷史變革。透過不同區域的比較研究,本文嘗試指出地方道派的儀式傳承,受到歷史時期不同形式的宗教禮儀與科儀文書的傳播、族群遷徙與貿易路線的影響,而產生差異。
40 林振源(臺灣政治大學華人宗教研究中心 )
祖師與法主:道教儀式“變神召將”比較研究
唐末五代以前的道教主要延續六朝以來的古典傳統,宋代道教開始出現結構性的變化。唐宋之際,多種根植於地方的新興傳統陸續出現,相較於唐前道 教,宋元以後的道教向來被視為與當代道教更具延續性。最顯著的特徵之一,即是延續自唐代的古典道教儀式與當時地方新興法術傳統的交涉與結合,“變神 召將”法事是其中最重要的標誌。通過當代大範圍的田野調查發現,地方道教 儀式中仍保存豐富的變神召將內容,道士通過變身為祖師(張天師)或法主(真武)召遣不同系統的官將行法。本文擬通過當代閩南、浙南、湖南、雲南、贛東北等地的資料與古代道教儀式文獻的比較,初步考察歷史與當代地方 道教儀式中變神召將的異同。
③ 道教視野中的其他中國宗教儀式
41 丸山宏(日本築波大學人文社會系)
關於瑤族宗教儀式的若干基本問題
本論文通過解讀瑤族儀式文獻,探討關於其儀式結構與方法等方面的基本問題。論文分為兩個部分。第一,根據湖南藍山縣勉系瑤族的意者書之內容,考察上光儀節在不同儀式中的重要性等問題。若要深入理解勉系瑤族儀式的深層框架,此項考察可能很有意義。第二,根據歐洲圖書館所藏藍靛系瑤族秘語類文獻之內容,考察在不同種類的儀式中秘語所發揮的決定性作用。此項考察在整合的視點理解藍靛瑤儀式時還可以當做一個比較好的方法。
42 張澤洪(四川大學道教與宗教文化研究所)
廣西賀州威竹瑤族度戒儀式調查
瑤族度戒是宗教意味很濃的人生過渡儀式,具有深刻的人類學內涵與理論研究價值。作者通過對南嶺走廊核心地區廣西賀州威竹瑤族度戒的田野觀察,詳細記錄威竹瑤族度戒的儀式過程,運用人類學文化傳播理論與過度儀式理論,深度解析威竹瑤族度戒的道教元素和結構功能,認為威竹瑤族度戒是瑤族社會宗教傳統的體現,是歷史上道教在南嶺走廊傳播及文化涵化的結果。指出威竹瑤族度戒是具有中國少數民族宗教特色的儀式,為解讀和檢驗西方人類學過渡儀式理論提供了東方宗教的典型例證。
43 李志鴻(中國社會科學院世界宗教研究所)
陳衷瑜與三一教儀式新探
“三一教”,又名“夏教”,是產生於明代中後期,盛行於明末清初,至今仍在福建省、臺灣省的一些地區和東南亞一些國家流行的民間宗教,由福建莆田人林兆恩所創。
儀式活動是三一教宗教化的重要因素。從林兆恩創教開始,就非常重視儀式文本的編造,以及儀式活動的展開,其弟子盧文輝則開始編輯《三教龍華醮禱》等儀式文本。盧文輝的弟子陳衷瑜是三一教儀式的集大成者,陳衷瑜系統的編造了一系列儀式文本,成為三一教壇師之鼻祖。對陳衷瑜與三一教儀式的研究成為三一教研究的重要課題,同時,也能借此窺探傳統的道教、佛教儀式對民間宗教的影響。
44 田豔(湖南省民協梅山文化研究委員會、南嶽佛教文化研究院)
行壇腳馬的開光儀式——以湘中隆回縣北部楊馥壇為例
“腳馬”的名稱,主要流傳於湘中梅山地區,是指被神靈附體的人,乃“神的坐騎”、“神的代言”。因地域、習俗的不同,民眾對腳馬有著不同的需求,以致其存在有著表現形態的多樣性,如有求雨、會兵時神靈采降的抬轎遊神的腳馬(俗稱杠子),有命中帶娘娘神能保家旺家的坐壇腳馬,有命中帶魁罡能行香火的行壇腳馬,有無師自通自稱被某神靈采降的腳馬。在湘中隆回縣北部,以生辰八字確認(即命帶)成為腳馬的現象比較普遍,由此又分為坐壇腳馬和行壇腳馬兩種類型。這種對腳馬確認,是有一套傳統的儀式程序,作為儀式專家的師公在此其間起著決定性的作用。本文以該地師教楊馥壇的儀式傳統為例,對行壇腳馬的形成予以認證的開光儀式進行考察,重點關注其中的招兵會將、開光、開咽喉、傳法、安兵馬壇等儀式內容,分析其對行壇腳馬形成的影響和作用,以及行壇腳馬與師公之間的諸多關聯;可以發現,二者的協作共生,是基於同樣的信仰體系和利益關係,由此推動二者共同維繫、構建地方社會的信仰傳統。
45 侯沖(上海師範大學哲學系)
《夷堅志》記載的宋代佛教儀式
由於佛教儀式研究長期以來一直較為滯後,故仍有不少待開墾的領域。如宋代著名筆記小說《夷堅志》中有關宋代佛教儀式的記載,迄今尚未見全面系統的研究成果。本文參照所見佛教、道教、巫教儀式文本,參照宋代巴蜀地區石刻造像銘文,擬對《夷堅志》中所記宋代佛教儀式的種類、功能和特點等作全面的梳理和討論。
46 沈如泉(西南交通大學人文學院)
宋代寺院生活中的茶湯禮與茶湯榜
存世宋代清規中記載了很多關於寺院中舉行茶會、湯會的禮儀程序和儀式。配合舉行茶禮及湯禮儀式使用的常見有茶榜及湯榜兩種佛教應用文體。茶榜及湯榜有散體與駢體兩種書寫方式。散體茶榜、湯榜格式僅見於清規記載而不見於文集收錄。駢體茶榜、湯榜則出現於北宋後期,南宋寢多。駢體茶榜、湯榜可分為請疏式榜與公案化榜兩類。駢體茶榜、湯榜是禪文化與茶湯文化結合的產物,寫作風格獨特,帶有鮮明的宗教色彩。駢體茶榜、湯榜都是為滿足佛教禮儀制度的發展需求而被創造出來的,但同時因受到佛教語言觀念的深刻影響和限制,曇花一現,隨即衰歇,宋後鮮有作者。
47 王大偉(四川大學道教與宗教文化研究所副研究員)
神超淨域——宋元時期住持僧的喪葬儀軌與制度
住持僧是宋元時期佛教寺院中的領袖,其地位堪比世俗社會中的“家長”。禪宗的住持僧由於具有“代佛傳法”的神聖屬性,故其地位明顯高於一般僧眾,在日常生活方面,他們也有諸多特別之處。禪宗住持的這個特徵,也影響到了宋元時期的律寺與講寺。住持的葬禮也比普通僧人更複雜,其葬儀與制度,不僅有著佛教的特色,更有中國傳統葬儀的味道。可以說,住持僧無論生前,還是身後,其作為“家長”的地位和象徵味道,都得到了體現。
48 譚偉倫(香港中文大學文化及宗教研究系)
半佛半道的普庵教在湘中的傳承
勞格文與葉明生於九十年代初在閩西北發現了“普庵教”。普庵原是宋朝的一位禪宗和尚,但閩西北的傳說故事中說他原是一位道士,為了拯救被妖精迷惑的妹妹(一說夫人),偷換了妖精的雲掃(塵拂)而變得法力高強。普庵的剃頭亦被說成是使用雲掃時的意外,把中間的頭髮掃去而變成禿頭,但始終留下了兩邊的頭髮。在台灣,普庵會附身於乩童。在福建普庵成為當地儀式專家的祖師,是半佛半道。在廣東北部,普庵被供奉在醮儀文壇上的附屬壇,專門用來對付非正常死之魂魄。2015年江西慈化寺舉辦紀念普庵禪師誕辰900周年系列活動,編輯出版南泉《慈化寺文庫》,收錄了明永樂廿一年(1423)《普庵印肅禪師語錄》、明萬曆四十三年(1615)《南泉慈化寺志》、清嘉慶十一年(1806)《南泉宗譜》、清同治十三年(1874)《普祖靈驗記》。本文根據《慈化寺文庫》,並近年在湘中的田野作業,討論半佛半道的“普庵教”在湘中的流播與傳承。
49 薛聰(西南交通大學人文學院碩士研究生)、呂鵬志(西南交通大學人文學院教授)
老子與中國古代祭祀儀式——《老子》“物或惡之”宗教內涵考釋
今本《老子》第二十四章、第三十一章均有“物或惡之”一語,對於其中“物”字的訓釋,歷代注疏大多難以圓通。本文在前人研究的基礎上,證明此“物”字宜訓為“鬼神”,並由此揭示“物或惡之”的宗教內涵。結合中國古代儀禮文獻,可以發現第二十四章“物或惡之”之前的“餘食贅(餟)行”一語與先秦祭祀餕禮有關,第三十一章“物或惡之”之前的“夫兵者,不祥之器”一語則與先秦祭祀軍禮有關。老子通過“物或惡之”表達了對二者的批評,意在闡發“自然無為”的哲學思想。
④ 藝術、考古與道教儀式
50 李遠國(四川省社會科學院研究員)、李黎鶴(四川傳媒學院講師)
清代四川地區的水陸科儀及水陸畫研究
清代四川地區的道教,一改道教傳統“黃籙齋”的名謂,直接援用了“水陸齋”的名稱。時陳仲遠應四川地方官紳、各地道觀的邀請,曾經主持舉辦了多次水陸道場,並留下許多珍貴的歷史文獻,此四川地區留下大批清代水陸畫生動形象地展示了當時其地的社會生活、民俗信仰、宗教狀況。
51 杜康(成都博物館)
度亡儀式中的道教道場畫——以成都博物館藏品為中心的研究
道場畫是近年來頗受學界關注的一種宗教美術文物,對於研究喪葬、宗教、美術皆有重要學術價值。本文以成都博物館收藏的120軸清代道教道場畫為材料,結合古籍文獻和當今遺風舊俗,運用圖像分析、文本解讀和田野調查的方法,初步確定了這批道教道場畫的題材內容及其所反映的道教度亡儀式。
經研究,道教道場畫所繪內容均是道教神祇,其中不可或缺者為道教尊神和地獄十殿。道教尊神主要有元始天尊、靈寶天尊、道德天尊,玉皇大帝、紫微大帝,太乙救苦天尊。地獄十殿即一殿秦廣大王、二殿楚江大王、三殿宋帝大王、四殿伍官大王、五殿閻羅大王、六殿卞成大王、七殿泰山大王、八殿平政大王、九殿都市大王、十殿轉輪大王。
道場畫使用於喪祭活動中道教超度亡靈的儀式上。在民間道教壇場內,道場畫的安神佈局主要為上五尊和左右朝王。超度亡靈的科儀程式比較繁複,但一般都可以歸納為請神招亡、祈神度亡和辭神送亡三個通神順序。其中“水火煉度”一節最具道教特色,為佛教度亡儀式所無,體現出道教自身的靈魂觀。
52 陳平(電子科技大學外國語學院)、張素琴(南京藝術學院)
論道教儀式表演 On Taoist Ritual Performance
論文首先辨析“表演”的概念,特別闡明其與J. L. Austin 言語行為理論所說的“表演”一詞的關係,因為美國學者Puett正是在這一意義上探討“儀式與真誠”的關係。論文進而結合道教文獻探討道教儀式與言語行為的關係。論文提出,就表演的本體而言,參與道教儀式表演的高功會借助語言(身體的、口頭的、書面的),而其整個儀式也牽涉到一定的戲劇表演性,牽涉到對於敘事時間和敘事情節等的微妙運用。 論文借助語言哲學、敘事、舞蹈、戲劇表演等學科的理論知識,並結合一定的田野調查,以求對道教儀式的表演性做出較深入探討。
53 白彬(四川大學歷史文化學院考古學系)
四川地區北朝至隋代道教造像研究
近年來,四川地區新調查和發現了若干北朝至隋代的道教摩崖造像點。本文擬對這批實物材料的年代、題材進行分析,並結合金石學材料和銘刻題記,對造像名稱、造像依據、造像緣由、淵源與流變、與同時期佛教造像的關係,造像所體現的道教儀式等問題進行剖析。
54 趙川(西南交通大學人文學院)
大足南山三清古洞道教造像再探
大足南山三清古洞道教造像開鑿於宋代,300餘身造像集中開鑿於一龕之中,極具特色。長期以來,學術界對三清古洞的神祇定名、神格等問題存在較大的分歧。本文認為,三清古洞中與當時社會流行的道教齋醮儀式所請神祇具有密切聯繫,造像是將道士所存思的神祇集體形象化,造像目的不再是單純地供奉禮拜,而是試圖營建神祗降臨的宗教氛圍以便於舉行齋醮儀式。這種轉變雖有一定的地域、道派痕跡,但卻具體地反映了唐宋道教轉型發展的大背景下宮觀、造像與信仰、儀式之間的相互影響。
55 鄧宏亞(四川大學歷史文化學院博士研究生)
四川地區唐代道教摩崖造像所涉齋儀的初步研究
在四川地區為數眾多的隋唐時期道教摩崖造像(裝彩)記中,時有出現與“齋”“壇”有關的文字內容,極少數造像記指出明確的齋儀種類。結合信眾屬性、造像內容、祈願內容及相關佛道書文獻分析可知,部分未見“齋”“壇”字眼的造像活動亦或與齋儀活動有關。根據造像主信仰屬性的差異、造像內容的差別可知,相關齋儀活動並不局限於道教齋儀,佛教儀式亦會融涉某些造像活動之中;而在某一具體造像活動儀式當中甚至會包含多種齋儀思想。
三、附加活動
56 范華Patrice Fava(法國遠東學院、中國人民大學)
电影放映:全真道教太上老君祝壽科儀(纪录片)
張道陵受太上老君秘籙、真文寶符,闡教演法,普度眾生,自祖天師創教,至金、元時代演出“全真”教旨。道教日用,分有五乘之法:一曰宗,二曰教,三曰律,四曰法,五曰科。宗者,萬緣定息,一念不起,坐而待成是也。此實不易行。教者,垂像教化,講究解釋,假此以得開悟也。律者,從方丈,守律壇,演三壇大戒,生慧而登真也。法者,正一符籙是也。科者,常行課誦,祈禳懺悔,濟生度死道場是也。五乘之法皆有規範儀注,是以道人欲證道登真,必先依規矩範圍身心,行持不懈,自然體道合真。(閔智亭 《道教儀範》, 宗教文化出版社,2004年。)
每逢神明聖誕,先一日晚上舉行《祝壽科儀》,當日舉行《慶賀科儀》。《太上老君祝壽科儀》於甲午年(2014年)二月十四日,在江蘇省嘉澤鎮花神宮拍攝。主法者為花神宮當家李崇明道長、高功李圓易道長。全科時長一小時,十分莊嚴。
廟宇是祭神之所,通過科儀法事,能與神進行溝通,了解他們的歷史,同時亦是一種開啟光明與修行的過程。
四、其他嘉賓(主持、評論)
57 李建欣(中國社會科學院世界宗教研究所)
58 汪桂平(中國社會科學院世界宗教研究所)
59 王宗昱(北京大學哲學系、宗教學系)
60 郭武(雲南大學歷史系)